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In feminist economics, the Feminization of Agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women's participation in the agricultural sector, particularly in the developing world.〔http://www.fao.org/Gender/en/agrib2-e.htm〕〔Deere, 2009 p. 99〕 The phenomenon started during the 1960s with increasing shares over time. In the 1990s, during liberalization, the phenomenon became more pronounced and negative effects appeared in the rural female population.〔Deere, 2009 p. 99〕 Afterwards, agricultural markets became gendered institutions, affecting men and women differently. The term has also been applied to other phenomena, including increasing shares of women in the agricultural workforce, male outmigration from rural areas, decreasing women's opportunities in agricultural productivity, and lower rural pay due to skill exclusions.〔Whitehead, 2009 p.45〕 Activists have argued that the trend is dangerous and leads to food insecurity.〔ActionAid 2010〕 ==Background== Women's role in the agricultural sector increased during the 1960s and has continued to grow. Women have been increasingly counted as heads of household,〔http://www.fao.org/Gender/en/agrib2-e.htm〕 running their own farms without male assistance. These households are often poorer than their male counterparts. Their plot sizes are usually smaller and have less access to other productive resources, like education, tools, and seeds,〔Whitehead, 2009 p.45〕 something termed “investment poverty”.〔Reardon and Vosti 1995〕 Women agricultural workers are also less likely to have social connections, like credit and market networks. In the rural environments there are two types of crop orientations, subsistence and export. Female-headed households are more likely to be subsistence orientated, which are often poorer. Export farmers are more likely to have substantial land endowments and to be male-headed. After structural adjustments export farmers became more vulnerable to price shocks, and women within this category more so.〔Whitehead, 2009 p.43〕 Female-headed households also became more likely to change from high value export crops to subsistence. Women running their own farms is a historically new trend, as men have traditionally done the heavy farm work. The use of the plow has typically been only men, and in many regions men still dominate. Typically, a reliance on the plow has been associated with male-dominated farming, which leads to crop inefficiencies if they leave.〔Boserup, 1970〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Feminization of agriculture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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